ICSE Physics Class 10 Syllabus
There is one paper of two hours duration carrying 80 marks and
Internal Assessment of practical work carrying 20 marks. The paper
is divided into two sections: Section I (40 marks) and Section II (40
marks).
Section I (compulsory) contains short answer questions on the
entire syllabus. Section II contains six questions. You are required to
answer any four of these six questions.
1. Force, Work, Energy and Power
(i) Contact and non-contact forces; cgs & SI units.
Examples of contact forces (frictional force, normal reaction
force, tension force as applied through strings and force exerted during
collision) and non-contact forces (gravitational, electric and magnetic).
General properties of non-contact forces. cgs and SI units of force and their
relation, Gravitational unit. [No numerical problems]
(ii) Turning forces concept; moment of a force; forces in equilibrium;
centre of gravity; (discussions using simple examples and simple direct
problems).
Elementary introduction of translation and rotation; moment (turning
effect) of a force, also called torque and its cgs and SI units; common
examples - door, steering wheel, bicycle pedal, etc.; clockwise and
anticlockwise moments; conditions for a body to be in equilibrium
(translational and rotational); principle of moment and its verification using
a metre rule suspended by two spring balances with slotted weights hanging from
it; simple numerical problems; Centre of gravity (qualitative only) with
examples of some regular bodies and irregular lamina (students should be
encouraged to try it out).
(iii) Uniform circular motion.
As example of constant speed, though acceleration (force) is
present. Basic idea of centrifugal and centripetal force (qualitative only).
(iv) Machines as force multipliers; load, effort, mechanical advantage, velocity
ratio and efficiency; simple treatment of levers, inclined plane and pulley
systems showing the utility of each type of machine.
Functions and uses of simple machines: Terms - effort E, load L,
mechanical advantage MA = L/E, velocity ratio VR = VE/VL =
dE/dL, input (Wi), output (Wo), efficiency (η), relation
between η and MA,VR; for all practical machines η<1; MA<VR.
Lever: principle. First, second and third class of levers;
examples: MA and VR in each case. Examples of each of these classes of levers
as found in the human body.
Pulley system; simple fixed, single movable, combination of
movable pulleys, block and tackle; MA, VR and η in each case. [No
derivation details.] Gear (toothed wheel) - practical applications in watches,
vehicles, uphill, downhill motion, (no numerical).
Inclined plane: MA, VR and η. [derivation not required]. Utility
of each type of machine. Simple numerical problems.
(v) Work, energy, power and their relation with force.
Definition of work. W FS cosθ; special cases of θ = 0°,
90°. W= mgh. Definition of energy, energy as work done. Various units of work
and energy and their relation with SI units.[erg, calorie, kW h and eV].
Definition of Power, P=W/t; SI and cgs units; other units, kilowatt (kW), megawatt
(MW) and gigawatt (GW); and horse power (1hp=746W) [Simple numerical problems
on work, power and energy].
(vi) Different types of energy (e.g., chemical energy, Mechanical
energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light
energy).
Mechanical energy: potential energy (U) gravitational, due to
change in configuration, examples; kinetic energy K= ½ mv2 (derive);
forms of kinetic energy; translational , rotational and vibrational - only
simple examples. [Numerical problems on K and U only in case of translational
motion ]; qualitative discussions of electrical, chemical, heat, nuclear, light
and sound energy, conversion from one form to another; common examples.
(vii) Energy sources.
Solar, wind, water and nuclear energy (only qualitative
discussion of steps to produce electricity). Renewable versus non-renewable
sources (elementary ideas with example).
Renewable energy: biogas, solar energy, wind energy, energy from
falling of water, run-of-the river schemes, energy from waste, tidal energy,
etc. Issues of economic viability and ability to meet demands.
Non-renewable energy - coal, oil, natural gas. Inequitable use
of energy in urban and rural areas. Use of hydroelectrical powers for light and
tube wells.
Energy degradation - In all energy transformations some energy
is lost to surroundings which is not useful for any productive work (day to day
examples).
(viii) Principle of Conservation of energy.
Statement: Total energy of an isolated system remains constant;
OR energy can be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created or
destroyed. Theoretical verification that U + K = constant for a freely falling
body. Application of this law to simple pendulum (qualitative only); simple
numerical problems.
2. Light
(i) Refraction of light through a glass block and a triangular
prism qualitative treatment of simple applications such as real and apparent
depth of objects in water and apparent bending of sticks in water.
Change of medium causes partial reflection and refraction. The
refracted beam has a change in speed (V) and wavelength (λ); frequency (ν)
remains constant; the direction changes (except for i = 0). Values of speed of
light (c) in vacuum, air, water and glass; refractive index n = c/V., V = νλ.
Values of n for common substances; laws of refraction; experimental
verification; refraction through glass block; lateral displacement; multiple
images in thick glass plate/mirror; refraction through a glass prism; relation
i1+i2 = A+δ and r1+r2 = A
(without proof); i - δ graph. Unique δmin with, i1 =
i2 and r1 = r2 - refracted ray
parallel to the base. No geometrical proof - only recognition from ray
diagrams; simple applications: real and apparent depth of objects in water;
apparent bending of a stick under water. (no calculations but approximate ray
diagrams required); Simple numerical problems].
(ii) Total internal reflection: Critical angle; examples in triangular
glass prisms; comparison with reflection from a plane mirror (qualitative
only).
Transmission of light from a denser medium (say glass) to a
rarer medium (air) at different angles of incidence; critical angle (c) n =
1/sin c. essential conditions for total internal reflection. Total internal
reflection in a triangular glass prism; ray diagram, different cases - angles
of prism (60º,60º,60º), (60º,30º,90º), (45º,45º,90º); use of right angle prism
to obtain δ = 90º and 180º (ray diagram); comparison of total internal
reflection from a prism and reflection from a plane mirror. [No numerical
problems].
(iii) Lenses (converging and diverging) including characteristics of
the images formed (using ray diagrams only); magnifying glass; location of
images using ray diagrams and thereby determining magnification (sign
convention and problems using the lens formulae are excluded).
Types of lenses (converging and diverging), convex, concave,
(sketch of shapes only); detailed study of refraction of light in equi-convex
and equi-concave spherical lenses only through ray diagrams; action of a lens
as a set of prisms; technical terms; centre of curvature, radii of curvature,
principal axis, foci, focal plane and focal length. Experimental determination
of ƒ of convex lens by distant object method, and by auxiliary plane mirror;
ray diagrams and simple description; formation of images - principal rays or
construction rays; location of images from ray diagram for various positions of
a small linear object on the principal axis; characteristics of images. When
the object is at focus, image is formed at infinity and can be seen. Ray
diagrams only [relation between u, v and f and problems not included].
Magnifying glass or simple microscopes: location of image and magnification
from ray diagram only [formula and problems not included].
(iv) Using a triangular prism to produce a visible spectrum from white
light; Electromagnetic spectrum. Scattering of light.
Deviation produced by a triangular prism; dependence on colour
(wavelength) of light; dispersion and spectrum; electromagnetic spectrum: broad
classification and approximate ranges of wavelength; properties common to all
types; simple properties and uses of each type. Simple application of
scattering of light e.g. blue colour of the sky. [No numerical problems].
3. Sound
(i) Reflection of Sound Waves; echoes: their use; simple numerical problems
on echoes.
Production of echoes, condition for formation of echoes; simple
numerical problems; use of echoes by bats, dolphins, fishermen, medical. SONAR.
(ii) Forced, natural vibrations, resonance (through examples).
Examples of natural and forced vibrations - qualitative
discussion; resonance, a special case of forced vibration; examples -
sympathetic vibration of pendulums, machine parts, stretched string, sound box
of musical instrument - guitar, only brief qualitative description.
(iii) Loudness, pitch and quality of sound:
Characteristics of sound; loudness and intensity; subjective and
objective nature of these properties; sound level in db (as unit only); noise
pollution; pitch and frequency examples; quality and waveforms examples. [No
numerical problems].
4. Electricity and Magnetism
(i) Ohm’s Law; concepts of emf, potential difference,
resistance; resistances in series and parallel; simple direct problems using
combinations of resistors in circuits.
Review of Class IX topics as introduction. Concepts of pd (V),
current (I) and resistance (R) and Charge (Q) by comparison with gravitational
(free fall), hydrostatic (water flow), heat (conduction) and electric current
through a resistor, compare V with h and Q with mg (force) in mgh, pd as work
done / charge. Ohm's law: statement, V=IR; SI units; experimental verification;
graph of V vs I and resistance from slope; ohmic and non-ohmic resistors, super
conductors, electromotive force (emf); combination of resistances in series and
parallel and derivations of expressions for equivalent resistance. Simple
direct problems using the above relations. Avoid complicated network of
resistors.
(ii) Electrical power and energy.
Electrical energy; examples of heater, motor, lamp, loudspeaker,
etc. Electrical power; measurement of electrical energy, W = QV = VIt from the
definition of pd. Combining with ohm’s law W = VIt = I2Rt = (V2/R)t
and electrical power P = (W/t) = VI = I2R = V2/R. Units:
SI and commercial; Power rating of common appliances, household consumption of
electric energy; calculation of total energy consumed by electrical appliances;
W = Pt (kilowatt x hour = kW h), simple numerical problems.
(iii) Household circuits - main circuit; switches; fuses;
earthing; safety precautions; three-pin plugs; colour coding of wires.
House wiring system, (Power distribution); main circuit (3
wires-live, neutral, earth) with fuse, main switch; and its advantages -
circuit diagram; two-way switch, staircase wiring, need for earthing, fuse,
3-pin plug and socket; Conventional location of live, neutral and earth points
in 3 pin plugs and sockets. Safety precautions, conventional colour coding of
wires. [No numerical problems].
(iv) Magnetic effect of a current (principles only, laws not required);
electromagnetic induction (elementary); transformer.
Oersted’s experiment on the magnetic effect of electric current;
magnetic field (B) and field lines due to current in a straight wire (qualitative
only), right hand (clasp) rule - thumb along current, curved fingers point
along the B field or the other way; magnetic field due to a current in a loop;
clockwise current - south pole and anticlockwise current - north pole;
electromagnet; simple construction of I-shaped and U-shaped (horse shoe type)
electromagnets; their uses; comparisons with a permanent magnet; the dc
electric motor- simple sketch of main parts (coil, magnet, split ring
commutators and brushes); brief description and type of energy transfer: Simple
introduction to electromagnetic induction; frequency of ac, ac generator,
similar treatment as of dc motor; advantage of ac over dc. The transformer;
primary and secondary coils with turns ratio NS/NP >
1 or < 1 for step up or step down transformer. Representative diagrams (not
symbolic). [No numerical problems].
5. Heat
(i) Specific heat capacities; Principle of method of mixtures; problems on
specific heat capacity using heat loss and gain and the method of mixtures.
Review concepts of heat and temperature from Class IX text.
Thermal (heat) capacity C' = Q/ΔT. Note that the change in temperature has the
same magnitude in °C and kelvin. (ΔT = 1°C = 1K). Unit of C’: SI unit, J/K =
J/°C ; old unit (still used) cal/°C = cal/K; Sp. heat capacity defined as heat
capacity per unit mass or heat energy per unit mass per unit degree change of
temperature. C = Q/mΔT; and Q = mcΔT. Units; J/kg.K (SI) = J/kg °C also
cal/g °C = cal/g.K.
Mutual relations, values of C for some common substances.
Principle of method of mixtures including mathematical statement. Natural
phenomena involving sp. heat; consequences of high sp. heat of water. Simple
numerical problems.
(ii) Latent heat; loss and gain of heat involving change of
state for fusion only.
Change of phase (state); heating curve for water; latent heat;
sp latent heat of fusion; some values; unit J/kg or cal/g. Mutual relation
between these units of latent heat. Mathematical expressions for heat loss and
heat gain involving latent heat. Simple numerical problems. Common physical
phenomena involving latent heat of fusion.
(iii) Greenhouse effect and global warming.
Meaning and impact on the life on earth; projections for the
future; what needs to be done.
6. Modern Physics
(i) Thermionic emission; simple qualitative treatment of a hot
cathode ray tube.
Simple introduction - electrons in metals, conduction electrons;
thermionic emission; work functions and its value in eV for a few common
substances; [application and use of diode or triode not included]. Hot cathode
ray tube; principle - thermionic emission, deflection of charged particles
(electrons) by electric fields and florescence produced by electrons; simple
sketch (labeled) showing electron gun, anode, deflection plates and screen with
vacuum tube, low tension (LT) connected to filament and high tension (HT)
between anode and cathode; qualitative explanation of working, mention two
uses. [No numerical problems].
(ii) Radioactivity and changes in the nucleus; background
radiation and safety precautions. Brief introduction (qualitative only) of the
nucleus, nuclear structure, atomic number (Z), mass number (A). Radioactivity
as spontaneous disintegration. α, β and γ - their nature and
properties; changes within the nucleus. One example each of α and β decay
with equations showing changes in Z and A. Uses of radioactivity - radio
isotopes. Harmful effects. Safety precautions.
Background radiation. Radiation: X-rays; radioactive fall out
from nuclear plants and other sources.
Nuclear: working on safe disposal of waste. Safety measures to
be strictly reinforced. [No Numerical problems].
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