NEET 12 SYLLABUS BIOLOGY
1.
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Reproduction
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2.
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Genetics and
Evolution
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3.
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4.
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5.
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CONTENTS OF CLASS XII
SYLLABUS
UNIT I:
Reproduction
1. Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a
characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of
reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission,
sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
2. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants:
Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes;
Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil
interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of
endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special
modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of
seed and fruit formation.
seed and fruit formation.
3. Human Reproduction: Male and female
reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation,
embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta
formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation
(Elementary idea).
4. Reproductive health: Need for reproductive
health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth
control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy
(MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF,
ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
UNIT
II: Genetics and Evolution
1. Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance;
Deviations from Mendelism- Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles
and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic
inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex
determination-In humans,birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked
inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in
humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s
and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
2. Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for
genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA
packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code,
translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human
genome project; DNA finger printing.
3. Evolution: Origin of life; Biological
evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative
anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern
Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and
Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection;
Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation;
Human evolution.
UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
1. Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites
causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia,
common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines;
Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
2. Improvement in food production; Plant breeding,
tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal
husbandry.
3. Microbes in human welfare: In household food
processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as
biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
1. Principles and process of Biotechnology:
Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
2. Application of Biotechnology in health and
agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified
organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.
UNIT V: Ecology and environment
1. Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche;
Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism,
competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate
and death rate, age distribution.
2. Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity
and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient
cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological
Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.
3. Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of
Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of
Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms,
extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.
4. Environmental issues: Air pollution and its
control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects;
Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and
global warning; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success
stories addressing environmental issues.
