CBSE Biology Class 12 Syllabus
Exam Structure
|
Unit
|
Title
|
Marks
|
|
VI
|
Reproduction
|
14
|
|
VII
|
Genetics and Evolution
|
18
|
|
VIII
|
Biology and Human Welfare
|
14
|
|
IX
|
Biotechnology and its Applications
|
10
|
|
X
|
Ecology and Environment
|
14
|
|
|
Total
|
70
|
Unit
VI. Reproduction
Chapter-1:
Reproduction in Organisms
Reproduction,
a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species;
Asexual reproduction Modes of reproduction-Asexual and
sexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule,
fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Chapter-2:
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower
structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types,
agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction;
Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm
and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special
modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and
fruit formation.
Chapter-3:
Human Reproduction
Male
and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation
embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and
placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea);
Lactation (Elementary idea).
Chapter-4:
Reproductive Health
Need
for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases
(STD); Birth control – Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical
Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted
reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general
awareness).
Unit VII. Genetics and Evolution
Chapter-5:
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Mendelian
Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance,
Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary
idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance;
Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds, honey bee;
Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance - Haemophilia, Colour blindness;
Mendelian disorder in humans - Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in
humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.
Chapter-6:
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search
for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and
RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic
code, translation; Gene expression and regulation - Lac Operon; Genome and
human ganeome project; DNA fingerprinting.
Chapter-7:
Evolution
Origin
of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological
evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular
evidence); Darwin's contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution;
Mechanism of evolution - Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and
Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and
genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human
evolution.
Unit VIII. Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter-8:
Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens;
parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis,
Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic
concepts of immunology - vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDs; Adolescene, drug
and alcholol abuse.
Chapter-9:
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Improvement
in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell
protein, Biofortification, Apiculature and Animal husbandry.
Chapter-10:
Microbes in Human Welfare
In
household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy
generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics;
production and judicious use.
Unit IX. Biotechnology and Its Applications
Chapter-11:
Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
Genetic
engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
Chapter-12:
Biotechnology and its Application
Application
of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine
production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops;
Transgenic Animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.
Unit X. Ecology and Environment
Chapter-13:
Organisms and Populations
Organisms
and environment: Habitat and niche, Population and ecological
adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation,
parasitism; Population attributesgrowth, birth rate and death rate, age
distribution.
Chapter-14:
Ecosystem
Patterns,
components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number,
biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological
succession; ecological services - carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal,
oxygen release (in brief).
Chapter-15:
Biodiversity and its Conservation
Concept
of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of
biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms,
extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and
Ramsar sites.
Chapter-16:
Environmental Issues
Air
pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and
their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse
effect and climate change; ozone layer depletion; deforestation; any one case
study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).
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